Volume 1

  • In English only
  • During the 1980s, armed conflict devastated an increasing number of the world's poorest countries. NGOs engaged in relief and development were hard-pressed to determine their most effective response to situations where normal development became meaningless, and yet short-term projects failed to deal with these `permanent emergencies'. This article describes the nature of these conflicts, their impact on the poor, and the evolution of NGO programmes in response. It explains why some NGOs have attempted to do development in the face of on-going violence, sometimes employing risky strategies and desperate measures. It argues the need for NGOs to play a part in building a civil society which can help break the cycle of violence.
  • In current armed conflicts around the world, over 90 per cent of casualties are civilians. This article reviews medical and anthropological evidence of the psychosocial effects of extreme experiences such as torture, mutilation, rape, and the violent displacement of communities. The consequences for women and children are considered in particular. The author argues that the social development programmes of NGOs should be extended to support social networks and institutions in areas of conflict, and ends by giving guidelines for mental health promoters working in traumatised communities. This article also appears in the Development in Practice Reader Development for Health.
  • The nature of the Mozambique `emergency' and its institutional context pose a significant challenge to NGO aid strategies, as these organisations seek to reconcile objectives of short-term effectiveness and accountability with goals of long-term capacity-building and sustainability. The increasing emphasis on the former within the Zambezia Province Emergency Programme may be prejudicing the government's capacity to stimulate economic and social rehabilitation once the Emergency Programme aid declines. Many NGOs working within the Province have shifted from a strategy of executing relief and rehabilitation programmes through existing institutional channels to one which relies heavily on the development of their own parallel structures. The shift has been motivated by the perceived weak executional capacity of the government institutions; however, it is unclear whether the modest gains in aid effectiveness and efficiency offset the lost opportunities for institutional change and learning necessary for programme sustainability and for the longer-term rehabilitation of the economic and social infrastructure in the province.
  • Several decades of development experience have yielded a wealth of findings about the key assumptions, procedures, and practices by which women have been marginalised in development planning. The value of these insights lies not only in highlighting flawed planning procedures, but also in helping to formulate alternative frameworks for thinking about development. This article discusses ways in which such findings can be used in gender-awareness training for development practitioners, and sketches out the main elements of an analytical framework for reconceptualising development from a gender perspective.
  • These Notes are based on research carried out as part of a World Bank/World Food Programme study into food aid in Sub-Saharan Africa. The authors use economic analyses to establish a framework for considering the cost-effectiveness of food aid compared to financial aid, and they apply this framework to the Wollaita food aid project. Food aid is shown to be less cost-effective than financial aid if the cost/benefit analysis is confined to monetary considerations. Problems arise when trying to quantify other variables that may affect the analysis, for example nutritional costs/benefits and increased/decreased production (the Wolliata project is a food-for-work (FFW) scheme).
  • The author describes two income-generation weaving projects, in Thailand and in Indonesia, both of which have had involvement with Oxfam Trading. She attributes the success of the former to sound marketing, confirming demand for reasonably priced quality products. The Indonesian project has failed primarily due to a lack of investigation of potential commercial markets.
  • In English only
  • Famine is clearly and undeniably a terrible wrong, and famine is preventable. The occurrence of famine is an indictment of the ethics of the country in which it has occurred. Despite this, those claiming to represent ethical concerns in general and human rights in particular have had little impact on either understanding famine or dealing with it. This paper is an attempt to develop an agenda whereby human rights concerns can be brought to bear on the problem of famine.
  • The purpose of this paper is to review the experience of social action groups in the Indian sub-continent over the past fifteen years or so. There are tensions between their stated objectives and their actual practice, and conflicts arising from their role in the political sphere. The author considers the practical problems and some philosophical and conceptual issues arising from these tensions, and concludes with some recommendations for non-governmental funding agencies.
  • Private development organisations have emerged rapidly and forcefully in Peru, amid a turbulent national context of change and acute social and economic instability over the last two decades. While no official statistics exist on the number of such organisations (there is no single entity that oversees or registers their activity), independent studies and surveys indicate that almost 350 groups of diverse objectives and coverage, and currently operating throughout the country. The forces and influences that have shaped this sector are complex, and this article does not attempt to address each individually. Rather, it focuses on those deemed most relevant: the factors that have left their mark on the sector of private development institutions as a whole.
  • Drought-induced inflation of cereal prices and the consequent turning of the terms of trade against livestock upset existing exchange entitlements and contributed to higher than normal mortality rates among the rural Beja population in Red Sea Province in the early to mid-1980s. The Beja are agropastoralists who raise goats and sheep, and sow some sorghum. Their staples of consumption are goat milk and a prepared dish made with sorghum called asayda. They do not grow enough sorghum for household consumption, but they sell male goats in local markets in order to purchase sorghum. They also engage in a variety of minor activities to generate income for the purchase of sorghum. In this article, data from two markets on cereal and livestock prices for the years 1980 to 1989 are examined. The objectives of the study were to examine market performance, especially that associated with drought and famine in the mid-1980s in Red Sea Province, and to examine how the inflationary period from 1988 to 1990 differed or resembled the early to mid-1980s.
  • The author describes the work of PIRATTES (Projet Intégré´de Recherches sur l'Améioration des Techniques Traditionelles d'Extraction de Sel), a project jointly directed by the Co-operative of Salt Producers in Guande (France), the Scientific And Technological Centre (Benin), and the French Volunteer Association (AFVP). The project, linking communities involved in salt-production in the North and the South, introduced new processes to Benin to avoid the major ecological and workers' health problems caused by traditional processes. Two years into the project, and it has expanded. The results obtained are encouraging, though marred slightly by the continued use of artificial materials.
  • In November 1990 the South-North International Conference on Linking For Development was held in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, involving 100 participants from local authorities and NGOs from 21 countries. The representatives unanimously agreed on an Appeal, `From Dependency To Justice', and insisted on greater initiative from agencies and authorities in the South. The conference identified four priorities for future linking initiatives: development education, training, mutual development Cupertino, and working for change.
  • In English only
  • The number of NGOs involved in development in the North and the South has increased dramatically over the last ten years, provoking calls for new partnerships between them. But Southern NGOs have often been disadvantaged in the search for true NGO partnerships, because they know too little about their Northern counterparts. This article therefore describes some important features of Northern NGOs. It then goes on to identify critical issues involved in negotiating partnerships with them. Finally, the need for equitable NGO partnerships is considered in the broader context of strengthening the third sector in civil society.
  • This article examines a UNICEF/Ministry of Health primary health care programme in Ecuador from a community perspective. It contributes to the debate concerning the way in which the relative `success' or `failure' of participatory projects is measured. It argues for evaluators to distinguish between the perceptions of the different actors involved, and to extend their enquiries beyond the actual lifespan of the project. It also provides lessons for the future by discussing the contribution the technical projects can make to capacity building and the empowerment of community-level organisations.
  • Pastoralism in Sudan has produced complex and varied livestock management systems, finely adapted to local environmental conditions. The isolation of pastoral communities has made it difficult for development agencies to form working relationships with them, and mistakes have been made when donors attempted to introduce unsuitable breeds and crops. The author advocates post-drought restocking with camels because of their high tolerance of drought and low susceptibility to disease, and with goats, which are not labour-intensive and reproduce at a fast rate. This article traces the social consequences of evicting pastoralists from range lands to make ways for cash crops like cotton, and the environmental consequences of overgrazing. It describes Oxfam's programme of rehabilitation among pastoralists, with its emphasis on the use of locally-trained para-vets, and community participation in the management of animal health services.
  • How is primary health care (PHC) to be funded in a climate of economic recession? The authors survey the financial implications of the Alma Ata Declaration of 1978 and the Bamako Initiative of 1987. They draw on a survey of over 100 Oxfam-funded health projects to assess four methods of PHC funding and their impact on the poorest users: charges for treatment, revolving drugs funds, personal insurance schemes, and income-generating projects. This article also appears in the Development in Practice Reader Development for Health.
  • The author provides an overview of a seminar on the promotion of small enterprises, organised by the Aga Khan Foundation (UK). Representatives from official agencies, the private sector and NGOs discussed barriers to NGOs working effectively in this sector, and how these can be overcome, as well as best practice in the provision of credit and technical assistance, and the potential support role of other public and private institutions.
  • In 1989 Oxfam approached the town council of N'Djamena, the capital of Chad, Africa, and set up a joint project to encourage community participation in improving sanitary conditions in Ambassatna. The author highlights the main problems and lessons to be learned from the project, three years into it, including issues around neglecting the role of women and their involvement in local committee structures. The nature of voluntary work in an urban environment is discussed in relation to the impact of the project, which is felt by the community to be a success but is a limited success by Oxfam's criteria.